The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And Herman...

Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville were well acquainted with one another and wrote a series of letters back and forth for a time. Their friendship has been seen as â€Å"one of the most famous in American literary history† (Hayford 435). Both authors have received a lot of attention as two of the more prominent writers of the nineteenth century and their names are often thrown together in criticism of that era. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most famous novel is likley The Scarlet Letter while Herman Melville is both famous and infamous for the long descriptions of Moby Dick. Criticism often compares these two authors and these two novels, studying symbols such as the sea or themes such as revenge. What is less explored is the particular use of children in both of these books. Each of these books feature a childish figure who brings forward the themes and concerns in the novel and the children of both novels are presented in a similar light. These characters are Pip and Pearl and, while each has received attention separately, there is more to learn about the novels through a comparison of the two. In The Scarlet Letter, the young Pearl plays an instrumental part in the development of the novels plots and themes. She has received some attention because of her memorable position in the books. In fact, one critic claims that Hawthorne â€Å"warns us that we shall have difficulties in understanding the plot unless we can interpret Pearl properly† (Qin 32). Understand Pearl opens aShow MoreRelatedHerman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne Show the Unbridgeable Gap Between Human Desires and Human Possibilities and the Mixture of Good and Evil in Even the Loftiest of Human Motives987 Words   |  4 PagesSantangelo Hawthorne and Melville In both works, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† and The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne show the unbridgeable gap between human desires and human possibilities and the mixture of good and evil in even the loftiest of human motives. In â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, this idea is shown by how the Lawyer keeps Bartleby as one of his employers, even though Bartleby does not deserve to still be working. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel HawthorneRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Influence On American Literature And The Genre Of Romanticism Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most important authors in the history of American literature and the genre of Romanticism or Dark Romanticism, due to his unique style of writing and his focus upon subjects of Puritan religion and the unknown. I consider Hawthorne an important author, due to the fact that he skillfully and accurately based his fictional writings upo n happenings of colonial times, was one of the first authors to display unfortunate outcomes for his characters’ immoral choices accordingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter And Bartleby, The Scrivener1251 Words   |  6 Pages In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne narrates a Romantic story of a young woman in the Puritan Era who is convicted of adultery and has to face being a social outcast. Herman Melville examines the story of Bartleby, a copyist who mysteriously refuses to work and is, therefore, put in jail. In The Scarlet Letter and Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street, Hawthorne and Melville use the characterization of Hester Prynne and Bartleby and their independent behavior to critique the effectRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne: An Author that Influenced and Reshaped our Literature1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing modified. American literature is no exception. Many great writers have influenced and reshaped our literature, and Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of them. He faced his problems and moved on. He was and is one of the most influential American writers, and he is more than a writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. His original last name was Hathorne, but he added the w when he started writing to avoid confusion with his great-grandfatherRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe And Nathaniel Hawthorne1705 Words   |  7 Pagesways; it either regarded as an extension of the human personality, or nature is regarded as a vehicle for spirits such as man (mthlyoke.edu). This paper is going to tell you about two of the writers of the Romanticism Era, Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, how real-life events affected their writings, and how their professional careers affected their writings. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19,1809 to two traveling actors (Poe s Museum). Poe was the second ofRead More Puritanism in The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfor humans to achieve, I believe that Puritanism would only add to the degradation of society today. The books The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller exemplify this theory. Puritanisms ultimate goal was to essentially establish a religiously pure and socialistic community in which everyone would work for the good of one another. However, Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter contradicts the belief that a society of this sort can ever exist. Rather, he theorizes that the suppression of thisRead MoreDark Romanticism By Edgar Allen Poe1625 Words   |  7 Pageslike cats and bats or other dark figures such as vampires and witchcraft†. This essay will bring to you information about dark romanticism and many literature artist who use this style of writing. Authors such as Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville quickly became the leaders or the Gothic style Literature. Prezi also goes onto say â€Å"a common setting for these stories would be ruined or abandoned castles, with old secret passages that lead to unknown places in the building. ARead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne resisted the idea that humanity had divine potential and acknowledged the reality of evil. Hawthorne believed that every society needed to have a jail and grave yard, â€Å" The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison† (2331). He thought that people areRead More Romanticism in Scarlet Letter, Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown2077 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Romanticism in The Scarlet Letter, The Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne took elements of the European romanticism and reshaped them into a new literary form that is called American Romanticism. The American Romanticists created a form that, at first glance, seems ancient and traditional; they borrowed from classical romance, adapted pastoral themes and incorporated Gothic elements (Reuben 22). Some of the definable elements of romanticism

Analysis Of The Book After Silence - 1614 Words

Citation Raine, N. V. (1999). After silence. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. Taylor Waller. Introduction The book, After Silence, was written by Nancy Venable Raine. The author suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder because she was raped. She was living on her own in Boston because she had taken a new job (Raine, 1999, pg. 7). And this is her only qualification when it comes to writing about PTSD. Some of the stressors she would have would just be sleeping or little noises that she would here around her. Her PTSD were mainly her nightmares, which caused her lack of sleep. I had chosen this book because I was interested in learning about what a person who has had a traumatic event in their life happen and how they can â€Å"overcome†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Diagnosis According to the DSM-5, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder must have certain symptoms. The first symptom that is required is for PTSD requires a traumatic event in a person’s life. This would be a car accident, rape, or even an event that occurred during war. Another symptom that could occur in a perso n with PTSD would be re-experiencing. Throughout the book, Raine had shown symptoms of her PTSD when she could not sleep in her own apartment any more. She also was not comfortable by herself. In the book—after the rape—she had went to her friend’s house and she was scared because her friend was not outside waiting for her. She would be freaked out that she would live through her experience again. Another symptom of PTSD—according to the DSM-5—would consist of alteration in cognition and mood. In a way, Raine had experienced alteration in cognition and mood. She would feel anxious and worry some when she was alone. These are some of the symptoms that would classify Raine as a person with PTSD. With people who have PTSD, they do not always show all the symptoms that the DSM-5 shows. One of the symptoms that Raine did not really show during the book was avoidance. When a person who has PTSD and they show signs of avoidance, they will avoid things tha t remind them of their rape. Even though she did not want to go back to her apartment, that is one of the few ways that she has PTSD but it is inconsistent. Another symptom that Raine did not show was

Describe and discuss the geographical, social and contextual factors Essay Example For Students

Describe and discuss the geographical, social and contextual factors Essay Language does not only depend on where you are from (Trugill 1994,p2) but also your social class. Trudgill states that People speak different kinds of English depending on what kind of social background they come from. (1994,p2) If we look at Stockwells summary of Bernsteins Theory of Codes in Sociolinguistics: A resource book for students 2002, it tells us that working class children only have access to a restricted code but middle class children have access to both restricted code and elaborate code. Bernstein suggests that having access to elaborated code allows children to thrive in the educational environment as education is predicated upon elaborate code'(Stockwell,2002 p57). Looking at my own class background I would consider myself to be working class and therefore, according to Bernstein should only have access to restricted code. However, if we take into account Bernsteins idea that success in education requires access to elaborated code this would suggest that I have access to both restricted code and elaborated code. I would suggest that, when relating Bernsteins Theory of Codes to speech, I use restricted code in casual speech situations such as talking to friends or family, and that I am able to code switch and use elaborate code in more formal situations like speaking to lectures or giving an oral presentation. In relation to this, in situations that are of a more academic nature I may find myself attempting to use a dialect that is more akin to Standard English than Black Country English and a more formal style. For example, though I may use bin /b? n/ and ay /e? / in my every day speech and also me instead of my, I would not use this in a more formal speech situation or when talking to strangers. This may be because rural accents, like Black Country, were found by Giles and Powesland (1975) to be subordinate to RP on the dimensions of social status and intelligibility. (Stockwell, 2002 p27) Hughes and Trudgill (1996) found that there was not much evidence of the use of glottal stops within the West Midlands. (Hughes and Trudgill, 1996,p85). If we look at Dr Esther Asperys work on Black Country dialect (2008) we can see that this is also the conclusion of Painter (1963). He found, when studying the speech of darts players in Rowley Regis that does not occur. Aspery also reports that Manley (1971) found no evidence of ? in Cradley Heath. However, Aspery states that Mathisen (1999) found that the glottalisation of is very frequent in teenagers and young adults and that age is the main social factor, but female and MC speakers, in that order, are at the front of this ongoing change. (Aspery 2008). Mathisens idea may explain use of the glottal stop in my own speech in, for example, bottle /b l. / So even though the glottal stop is said not to occur in West Midland dialect, the social factors of age and gender could account for its use in the way I personally speak English. In this essay I have shown that speech is influenced by many factors. Although most assume that peoples speech is a product of the place they live this essay shows that this is merely one of the contributors. I would suggest that context is one of the most influential factors when assessing speech, as interactions with different people will create different speech situations. However, it is not enough to assess language using only one factor as a persons speech is most definitely a product of the combination of social, geographical and contextual factors. .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .postImageUrl , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:hover , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:visited , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:active { border:0!important; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:active , .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6 .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5b69ddc409b838e4af94b43bc8c95c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf And Evil Problem EssayWord Count 1,629 Bibliography   Stockwell, Peter. Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge 2002. Conduit, Ed. The Black Country Dialect: a modern linguistic analysis. Laghamon Publishing 2007.   Dyer, Judy in The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. Routledge 2007. (from WOLF further reading notes)   Eckert ,Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally. Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-Based Practice. Annual Reviews 1992. http://people. pwf. cam. ac. uk/bv230/lang-var/eckert%20and%20mcconnell- ginet%201992%20language%20and%20gender%20as%20community%20bas ed%20practice. pdf   Asprey, Esther. Black Country dialect (2) phonology Unpublished PhD thesis 2008. (from WOLF further reading notes) Trudgill, Peter. Dialects Routledge 1994   Graddol, David, Cheshire, Jenny and Swann, Joan. Describing Language Open University Press 1994/

What Is Literature Essays - Fiction, Style, Narratology, Narrative

What Is Literature? The definition of literature, in the broadest sense, is everything that has ever been written. Anything from the earliest poems of Homer, to today's web pages, can be considered literature. But for a specific sense, there are various kinds of literature. Literature can be written in a specific language, like English Literature or be written by a specific culture, such as African Literature. But literature really means more than printed words. It is considered a fine art. The word literature comes from the French phrase belles-lettres, which means ?beautiful writing?. When a piece of work is called literature, it is usually considered a great work of art. There are two main classes of literature: fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. Authors may include personal experience, or facts about real people or events, but they combine these facts with imagined situations. Most fiction is narrative writing, such as novels and short stories. Fiction also includes drama and poetry. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. The principal forms of nonfiction include the essay, biography, autobiography, and diary. People read literature for a variety of reasons. The most common reason for reading is pleasure. People read to pass the time, or for information and knowledge. Through literature, people meet characters they can identify with, and sometimes find solutions for their own problems. With literature, a person can often understand situations they could not otherwise understand in real life. Often, just the arrangement of the words can be enjoyable, just as a child likes the sound of ?Ring Around the Rosie?, even though they might not understand what the words mean. There are four elements of literature: characters, plot, theme, and style. A good author has the ability to balance these elements, creating a unified work of art. The characters make up the central interest of many dramas and novels, as well as biographies and autobiographies. A writer must know each character thoroughly and have a clear idea about each ones look, speech, and thoughts. Motivation is the reason for characters actions. A good writer will be sure that the motives of a character are clear and logical. Setting is where a character's story takes place. The plot is built around a series of events that take place within a definite period. It is what happens to the characters. No rules exist for the order in which the events are presented. A unified plot has a beginning, middle, and an end. In literary terms, a unified plot includes an exposition, a rising action, a climax, and a denouement, or outcome. The exposition gives the background and situation of the story. The rising action builds upon the exposition. It creates suspense, or a reader's desire to find out what happens next. The climax is the highest point of interest, also a turning point of a story. The denouement is the conclusion. The theme is the basic idea expressed by a work of literature. It develops from the interplay of character and plot. A theme may contain morals, to warn the reader to lead a better life or a different kind of life. A serious writer strives to make his work an honest expression of sentiment, or true emotion. They avoid sentimentality, which means giving too much emphasis to emotion or pretending to feel an emotion. A writer of honest emotion does not have to tell the reader what to think about a story. A good story will direct the reader to the author's conclusion. Style is the way a writer uses words to create literature. It is difficult to enjoy a story's characters or plot without enjoying the author's style. The style of an author is as important as what he is trying to say. Point of view, or the way a story is presented, is another part of style. A writer may tell a story in the first person, using the pronoun I, as though the narrator were a major or minor character in it. Or, the writer may use the third person method, in which the narrator stands apart from the characters and describes the action using such pronouns as he and she. There are two types of third person

Smart Textile Essays

Smart Textile Essays Smart Textile Essay Smart Textile Essay Smart textiles is the modification of fibers, fabrics and special articals which is produceing day by day in different way and different techniques. Many intelligent textiles already feature in advanced types of clothing, principally for protection and safety and for added fashion or convenience. Smart materials or textiles can be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or stimuli, whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli. These stimuli as well as response, could be thermal, chemical, mechanical, electric, magnetic or from other source. Classification of Smart Textiles: According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories: ? Passive Smart Textiles: The first generations of smart textiles, which can only sense the environmental conditions or stimulus, are called Passive Smart Textiles. ? Active Smart Textiles: The second generation has both actuators and sensors. The actuators act upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit. Active Smart textiles are shape memory, chameleonic, water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilic/non porous), heat storage, thermo regulated, vapour absorbing, heat evolving fabric and electrically heated suits. ? Ultra Smart Textiles: Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles, which can sense, react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli. A very smart or intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit, which works like the brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating capacities. The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science like material science, structural mechanics, sensor and actuator technology, advance processing technology, communication, artificial intelligence, biology etc. Smart textile in Medicine: Due to astounding technological developments, technical textiles are extensively used in the healthcare industry today. In the field of medical application, technical textiles are not just used in contact with the skin, but also fulfill important functions within the body (intra-corporal applications like implants). Technical textiles offer medical and hygiene industry with unparalleled protection, comfortable. These highly specialized and bio- compatible technical textiles, used for medical and hygiene applications are called â€Å"MEDTECH. † The characteristics required of MEDTECH vary depending on the task for which they are to be used. Some applications demand a protective function, others a high absorptive capacity and some other others impermeability. characteristic of these textiles Depending on the nature of application; most of the medical products are disposable in nature and are made of nonwoven fabrics. In global markets disposables are fast replacing non-disposable health care textiles. Some areas of usage are: * Healthcare/ hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and adult diapers etc. Non-implantable materials- For wound care that includes absorbent pad (wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages (simple inelastic/elastic, orthopedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding) * Textiles in Extracorporeal devices- Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs. * Implantable materials- Like sutures (biodegradable and non-biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon (meshes), artificial ligament, artific ial cartilage, orthopedic implants artificial joint, cardiovascular implants vascular grafts, heart valves. Agro Textiles: Agriculture has been amongst the most primal occupations of the humankind and is still a major industry, globally. In this era of modernization and high technological advancements, it has spread its horizons and started using man-made, non-conventional textiles, called â€Å"technical textiles†. Tapping the potential of technical textiles and putting their vital properties to an advantage; agriculture, horticulture, forestry and fishing segments (all the four sectors combined together are popularly called as â€Å"Agrotech† sector) are increasingly using them for equipment development and other applications. This textile sector comprises of all textiles that are used in growing, harvesting, protection and storage of either crops or animals. It includes diverse items such as fishing nets and fish-lines, ropes, shade fabrics, mulch mats, woven and non-woven covers for crops, bird protection nests, etc. These textiles are driving the sector profitably by improving the productivity and reducing the need for chemicals. Some of the purposes for which these textiles are being increasingly used are as follows: * Preventing erosion and paving way for a forestation. In greenhouse cover and fishing nets. * For Layer separation in fields. * In Nets for plants, rootless plants amp; protecting grassy areas. * As sun screens (since they have adjustable screening) and wind shields. * As packing material and in bags for storing grass (that has been mowed). * Controlling stretch in knitted nets. | Home Textiles: Seen as a mightily expanding and changing sector in the global textile industry, the presence of technical textiles is not merely confined to industrial applications and is becoming a ubiquitous phenomenon in our day to day activities as well. The new promise of technical textiles is generation of products (by combining the latest developments in advanced flexible materials with advances in process technologies) that eventually have a direct impact upon all sorts of consumer textile markets, including both clothing and furnishings. These are called â€Å"HOMETECH†. One of the largest technical textile markets, this sector comprises household textiles, furnishings (used in contract applications) and upholstered furniture industry (including fiberfill and wadding applications in bedding, cushions, sleeping bags and furniture backings). Some of the highly useful applications of HOMETECH include: * Woven amp; knit wipes (cleaning wipes for domestic applications) * Nonwoven wipes (floor mops) * Ticking’s (for filled products like pillows, duvets, cushions) * Mattress components (Flanging and quilt backing, spring wrap) * Spring insulators Flat fabrics ( used to cover springs in beds or upholstery) * Platform cloth (fabrics used as a base for cushions on upholstered furniture) * Dust cloths Fabrics attached to base of furniture Skirt linings and other fabrics for use in upholstered furniture, bedding etc * Carpet backings (used as primary as well as secondary backing for tufted carpets) Construction Textiles: Civil engineering and building industry are an integral part of the development of human society as they involve the planning, design, building, operation and maintenance of infrastructure. The venturing of technical textiles or high-performance textiles in this sector has given a great impetus to the quali ty of construction. These textiles are used in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels and roads and collectively comprise the â€Å"Buildtech† sector. They offer mechanical properties such as lightness, strength and resilience as well as resistance to many factors such as creep, degradation by chemicals and pollutants in the air or rain and other construction material as well as the effects of sunlight and acid. These textiles play an important role in the modernization of infrastructure. Some of the major products covered under this sector are used in; * Hoardings and Signage’s. * Scaffolding Nets. * Awnings and canopies. * Tarpaulins. Architectural membranes. Transport Textiles Among other sectors, the automotive industry is one of the largest single markets for technical textiles and one of the most diverse as well. This market comprises of automobiles, trains, marine vehicles and planes. Technical textiles that are used in this automotive or transport sector are called à ¢â‚¬Å"MOBILTECH. † The latest developments in aircraft, ship building as well as motor vehicle and train manufacture, all can be largely attributed to MOBILTECH, a non apparel textile. Mobiltech today covers not only isolation and safety aspect but also focuses on comfort and style. The customers look for aesthetically pleasing interiors, great comfort and fuel economy. Textile components in automobiles consist of either visible component like upholstery, carpets, seat belts, headliners etc. or concealed components like tire cords, hoses, belts, airbags etc. Military: One of the main reasons for the rapid development of Smart textiles is the important investment make by the military industry. This is because they are used in different projects such as extreme winter condition jackets or uniforms that change colour so as to improve camouflage effects. Nowadays, the military industry has become aware of the advantage of sharing knowledge with the various industrial sectors, because with joint collaboration far better results can be obtained through team-work. Georgia Tech was the pioneering institute for the development of SFIT that integrates electronics. During a project funded by the US Naval Department in 1996, they have developed a Wearable Motherboard (GTWM commercial name is Smart shirt) [38-39], which was manufactured for use in combat conditions. The garment uses optical fibres to detect bullet wounds and special sensors that interconnect in order to monitor vital signs during ombat conditions. Eco Textiles: Environmental threats loom large on almost every nation in the world today. With this threat gaining its stature day by day, Eco Textiles gain utmost importance as one of the most useful resources that help promote new innovations, in an eco-friendly manner. OEKTECH is the term used for technical textiles that are used for environmental protection. It stands for new ideas and interesting concepts in the area of environmental protection, waste disposal (including innovative filtration media) and new recycling technologies. It is opening up new avenues for environmental engineers, safety engineers and personnel in environmental protection agencies. These eco- friendly textiles provide a range of environmentally responsible alternatives to other resource hungry materials. They tap into both post-consumer and post-industrial waste streams amp; scrap and reuse them for manufacturing an extremely durable and eco-friendly textile. They not only lead to reduction of waste but also more importantly, save the rapidly depleting natural resources. Some of the features of these textiles are: * They utilize ecologically grown fibers. They are processed with less damaging inputs. * The processing units are equipped with good sewage treatment. * The fabrics are of good quality and long lasting. Geotextiles: Geotextiles are smart textiles that consist of a stable network that retains its relative structure during handling, placement and long-term service. A Geotextile can be defined as â€Å"permeable geosynthetic co mprised solely of textiles. † Geotextiles are special fabrics made for use in geological situations. They are rot-proof and permeable to water. They can be heavy duty or light duty, black, white or colored. Available in woven and non-woven forms, they apply to a broad range of civil engineering construction, paving, drainage and other applications. Geotextiles are extensively used with soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical engineering-related material, as an integral part of human-made project, structure or system. These engineered Geotextiles perform three basic functions: separation, stabilization and filtration. Many application areas: * Roadways, parking lots, loading areas and construction sites * Prevent drainage systems from clogging with fine particles * Filtration, Protection and separation function * Fluid transmission For waterway erosion control * Reduce soil piping and embankment erosion * Prevention of weed growth (in horticulture applications) * Moisture conservation (in horticulture applications) Packaging Textiles: Packaging textiles include all textiles packing material for industrial, agricultural and other goods. The demand for packing material is directly prop ortional to economic growth, industrial production and trade as goods are produced and then distributed both locally and internationally. The growing (environmental) need for reusable packages and containers is opening new opportunities for textile products in this market. Sacks and bags made of traditional jute, cotton or natural fiber are gradually casting way for modern synthetic fibers. These technical textiles, used in packaging and subsequent transportation are called â€Å"PACKTECH. † It is well known that these fabrics are ideal for many kinds of packaging. At one end, PACKTECH includes heavyweight, dense woven fabrics (used for bags, sacks, flexible intermediate bulk carriers and wrappings for textile bales and carpets) and on the other end, it includes lightweight non woven’s used as durable papers, tea bags and other food and industrial product wrappings. The use of textile materials in consumer packaging is exhibited in the following products: * FIBC big bags (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers),for powdered and granular materials * Laundry bags and other bulk packaging products * Sacks for storage etc * Twine and string for tying packages, etc (excludes agricultural applications) * Non-paper tea bags and coffee filters * Food soaker pads * Net packaging for storing, packing, transporting, retailing foodstuffs, toys, * Woven fiber strapping, lightweight mailbags. * Soft luggage Sport tech: Today’s sports demand high performance equipment and apparel. The light weight and safety features of Sport tech have become important in their substitution for other materials. These high-functional and smart textiles are increasingly adding value to the sports and leisure industry by combining utilitarian functions with wearing comfort that leads to achieving high level of performance. A few areas where these textiles are being increasingly used are- Material technology and design, of equipment, Biomechanics and the engineering aspects of sports machinery, Surface treatment of equipment, Sportswear, Sports footwear, Artificial turfs, sleeping bags, ballooning and parachute fabrics. Solar sale Applicable textile: The main application of solar cells in textile is the electric alimentation of integrated electronic devices, e: recharging mobile phone, Mp3 player etc. . Uses of solar cells on textile substrate Modern Computing: In our society communication tools, interactivity and portable devices are one of the largest sources of innovation and represent a tremendous market. The integration of portable electronics devices in textiles appeared as a natural market. The first innovation was a keyboard made in a single layer of fabric using capacitive sensing, where an array of embroidered or silk-screened electrodes make up the points of contact. A fingers contact with an electrode can be sensed by measuring the increase in the electrodes total capacitance. It is worth noting that this can be done with a single bidirectional digital I/O pin per electrode, and a leakage resistor sewn in highly resistive yarn. Capacitive sensing arrays can also be used to tell how well a piece of clothing fits the wearer, because the signal varies with pressure. Several versions of capacitive or flexible keyboards in textile materials Conductive materials: There are two strategies to create electrical or thermal conductive fabrics and two types of materials, the metals and the polymers. The same materials could be used for the both conductivity (thermal and electric), because the two processes are similar and results of an electronic agitation/conduction. The first strategy uses high wicking finishes (ink) with a high metallic content that still retains the comfort required for clothing. With the addition of nickel, copper, silver or carbon coatings of varying thickness, these finishes provide a versatile combination of physical and electrical properties for a variety of demanding applications. Examples of conductive inks used in textiles The second strategy consists in the direct use of conductive yarns. The yarn could constitute metal such as silver, copper, etc. or conductive polymer such as polythiophene, polyaniline, and their derivatives although there are many different trademarks commercialising these materials, they all have the same main properties. Examples of conductive yarn used in textiles Conclusions A few years ago, smart textiles were presented as imaginary products and as a non competitive market. After scientific efforts and development phases, nowadays SFIT are an implanted customer interest and are presented as the future of the textile industry. A lot of commercial products are available and, as it was presented during this document; a lot of scientist is developing new solutions, ideas and concrete products. Some approximations announce a market of 1 billion dollars by 2010 which certainly explains the current passion for these news topics.

Gabriel Prossers Plot for Freedom

Gabriel Prosser's Plot for Freedom Gabriel Prosser and his brother, Solomon, were preparing for the farthest reaching rebellion in United States History. Inspired by the egalitarian philosophy that launched the Haitian Revolution, the Prosser brothers brought together enslaved and freed African-Americans, poor whites, and Native Americans to rebel against wealthy whites. However, a combination of inclement weather conditions and the fears of a few enslaved African-American men halted the rebellion from ever taking place. Gabriel Prossers Life Prosser was born in 1776 on a tobacco plantation in Henrico County, Va. At an early age, Prosser and his brother, Solomon, were trained to work as blacksmiths and  was also taught to read and write. By the age of twenty, Prosser was considered a leader- he was literate, intelligent, strong and stood over six feet tall. In 1798, Prossers owner died and his son, Thomas Henry Prosser, became his new master. Considered an ambitious master who wanted to expand his wealth, Thomas Henry hired Prosser and Solomon out to work with merchants and artisans. Prossers ability to work in Richmond and its surrounding areas allowed him the freedom to discover the area, earn extra money and work with freed African-American laborers. Gabriel Prossers Great Plan In 1799, Prosser, Solomon, and another slave named Jupiter stole a pig. When the three were caught by an overseer, Gabriel fought him and bit off the overseers ear. Shortly after, he was found guilty of maiming a white man. Although this was a capital offense, Prosser was able to choose public branding over being hanged if he could recite a verse from the Bible. Prosser was branded on his left hand and spent a month in jail. This punishment, the freedom Prosser experienced as a hired-out blacksmith, as well as the symbolism of the American and Haitian Revolutions  prompted the organization of the Prosser Rebellion. Inspired primarily by the Haitian Revolution, Prosser believed that oppressed people in society should work together for change. Prosser planned to include enslaved and freed African-Americans as well as poor whites, Native Americans and French troops in the rebellion.    Prossers plan was to take possession of Capitol Square in Richmond. Holding Governor James Monroe as a hostage, Prosser believed he could bargain with authorities. After telling Solomon and another slave named Ben of his plans, the trio began recruiting revolters. Women were not included in Prossers militia, but free blacks and whites became dedicated to the cause of insurrection. Pretty soon, the men were recruiting throughout Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, Albermarle and the counties of Henrico, Caroline, and Louisa. Prosser used his skills as a blacksmith to create swords and molding bullets. Others collected weapons. The motto of the rebellion would be the same as the Haitian RevolutionDeath or Liberty. Although rumors of the upcoming rebellion were reported to Governor Monroe, they were ignored. Prosser planned the revolt for August 30, 1800, but it could not take place because of a severe thunderstorm that made it impossible to travel across road and bridges. The plot was supposed to take place the following day on Sunday, August 31, but several enslaved African-Americans told their masters of the plot. Landowners set up white patrols  and alerted Monroe who organized the state militia to search for rebels. Within two weeks, almost 30 enslaved African-Americans were in jail waiting to be seen in the Oyer and Terminir- a court in which people are tried without a jury but can provide testimony. The Trial The trial lasted two months and an estimated 65 enslaved men were tried. Almost thirty of these enslaved men were executed while others were sold to owners in other states. Some were found not guilty and others were pardoned. The trials began on September 11. Officials offered full pardons to enslaved men who gave testimony against other members of the conspiracy. Ben, who had helped Solomon and Prosser organize the rebellion, offered testimony. Another man named Ben Woolfolk offered the same. Ben offered testimony that led to the execution of several other enslaved men including Prossers brothers Solomon and Martin. Ben Woolfolk provided information on enslaved participants from other areas of Virginia. Before Solomons death, he provided the following testimony: My brother Gabriel was the person who influenced me to join him and others in order that (as he said) we might conquer the white people and possess ourselves of their property. Another enslaved man, King, said, I was never so glad to hear anything in my life. I am ready to join them at any moment. I could slay the white people like sheep. Although most recruits were tried and convicted in Richmond, others in outlying counties received the same fate. In places like Norfolk County, however, enslaved African-Americans and working-class whites were questioned in an attempt to find witnesses. However, no one would provide testimony and enslaved men in Norfolk County were released. And in Petersburg, four free African-Americans were arrested but could not be convicted because the testimony of an enslaved person against a freed person was not permitted in the courts of Virginia. On September 14, Prosser was identified to authorities. On October 6, he was put on trial. Although several people testified against Prosser, he refused to make a statement in court. On October 10, he was hung in the town gallows. The Aftermath According to state law, the state of Virginia had to reimburse slaveholders for their lost property. In total, Virginia paid more than $8900 to slaveholders for enslaved men who were hung. Between 1801 and 1805, the Virginia Assembly debated on the idea of gradual emancipation of enslaved African-Americans. However, the state legislature decided instead to control enslaved African-Americans by outlawing literacy and placed restrictions on hiring out. Although Prossers rebellion did not come to fruition, it inspired others. In 1802, the Easter Plot took place. And thirty years later, Nat Turners Rebellion took place in Southampton County.

Construction Litigation Industry in California Thesis - 1

Construction Litigation Industry in California - Thesis Example In the light of improved opportunities, we find that the general contractors now offer a number of services such as: financial assistance, management of the total program, operations and maintenance, and renovation besides the core service of designing, building, and construction management1. Hence, we see that the construction industry has taken over a number of services that were offered by consultants. The contractors have taken over a large share of the service market of A/E consultants and thus, A/E firms need to expand the services offered to retain their market shares. They need to venture into service segments such as providing financial assistance to the clients, assistance with regulations, cost analysis of project life cycle, O&M functions, and renovation services. The situation has changed dramatically for marketing professionals and construction services providers and it is not as simple as it used to be. The shift in the project delivery system and the advances in commu nication technology requires the architects and the engineers to change themselves from their usual procedures of working. For example, in the past architects relied on their name and recognition whereas consulting engineers relied on 80/20 rule2 , and general contractors used to bid low in competitive bidding situations. The A/E consultants can retain their market shares by strengthening their market niche, marketing plans that increase customer retention, and restructuring of the organization to increase flexibility in the human resource.