Activity-Based Costing Powerful Tool for Organisation

Question: Describe about the Activity-Based Costing for Powerful Tool for Organisation. Answer: Activity-based Costing (ABC) is a powerful tool for an organization to have an accurate and effective cost For its product avoiding cost distortion that may lead sustainable development and growth which is mandatory to be competitive in the era of globalization and complex business environment(Hussain, 2015) In the era of globalization, where the companies face tough competition and the fight is over a very thin profit margins has increased the need for accurate costing. ABC costing today therefore has become a strategic tool rather than just a costing system, especially for those companies who have a big product line. ABC costing it helps company in avoiding cost distortion because of cost distortion the actual value of the service of a department used by a product cannot be calculated and it becomes hard to take decision. ABC costing has now resolved this problem for companies it creates cost pools and assigns different cost drivers to those pools so that departmental cost can easily be calculated, further it helps in eliminating non-value adding processes by providing a complete view of the whole process. Many leading companies are now using ABC costing system as it has become need of today such as Nestle Bangladesh, Novartis, GSK(Hussain, 2015) and are enjoying great competitive advantages from it. To understand ABC costing suppose a company which has two departments Fitting and Painting and manufactures two products A B, the total labor Hours of the company are 250 is the further data is as follow Department Fitting Painting Product A (Hrs. used) 3 2 Product B (Hrs. used) 4 7 Total Depart cost 5000 15,000 labor Hours 100 150 As Per Traditional Method FOH rate = Total cost / total Labor Hours = 20000/250 = 80 per hour Therefore Product cost Product A (Cost per unit) 400 Product B (Cost per unit) 880 But if we look at ABC system Product Fitting Painting Total Product A (Cost per unit) 150 200 350 Product B (Cost per unit) 200 700 900 From this example it can easily be understood that product A in traditional system has to bear a cost 400 because fixed overhead rate is used and its impossible to allocate any cost based on department basis, but if we look at ABC system the cost has changed to 350 this is because of allocation in ABC system. It allocates it according to the cost driver. If a company uses this data in decision making scenario will be totally different because company will now bear a cost which is 50 less than the traditional system and can gain competitive advantage in the market. Implementing an ABC system can sometimes become a real hectic also. It requires commitment from top management to enforce it, people in the organisation are hesitant in adopting a new system. The cost of implementation is also high specially the training cost as you need to train people accordingly for eg the chief accountant of Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. was trained from China for 3 years(Hussain, 2015). Another problem is the decision of which department should be treated as a cost centre and which should not be all these can really mess up sometimes and the company might stand in the middle of nowhere. But if we compare the cost of implementation to advantages it is worth investing in ABC system because once the system is implemented the company enjoys a competitive edge in the market and the costing of the company becomes more effective and accurate which helps in decision making and offering a competitive price to customers. References Hussain, I. M. (2015). Activity Based Costing- an effective tool for better managment . research journal for finance accounting .

Heart Disease Essay Example For Students

Heart Disease Essay The cardiovascular system (comprising of the heart, arteries and veins) isessential for keeping homeostasis balanced throughout the body. The heart works as a pump to push blood containing oxygen and nutrientsthrough the extensive network of arteries and arterioles to replenishorgans, tissues and respiring cells, once replenishment has taken placewaste products and carbon dioxide are removed and taken back to the heartin the blood stream through veins and venules to be redirected through thepulmonary circulation back to the lungs to be deoxygenised (see appendix1). The heart also needs to be replenished with oxygen rich blood to survive;blood is supplied to the heart by the coronary circulation (see appendix2). Just like any other organ in the body, the heart and surrounding vesselsare susceptible to disease. One of these many diseases is Coronary HeartDisease. Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of premature death in theUnited Kingdom. On average every year 110.000 people die from heartrelated diseases, whilst 300.000 people have heart attacks and more than1.4 million suffer from angina, (British Heart Foundation 2001).CHD iscaused by a number of risk factors (risk factors are issues that cancontribute to a disease). Risk factors associated with CHD are high bloodpressure (hypertension), cigarette smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity,obesity (being overweight), and high blood cholesterol. As fatty foods are consumed and digestion initiates, saturated fats fromthe digested food is broken down by the liver to produce cholesterol. Passing into the bloodstream the cholesterol combines with proteins tocreate lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are used for transporting numeroustypes of lipids to and from the cells. Lipoproteins are divided into twocategories, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins(LDL). HDLs remove excess cholesterol from the cells and transports it tothe liver to be destroyed, whereas LDLs are responsible for supplyingcells with cholesterol. The cells in the body have LDL receptors attachedto them. Once inside the cell the LDL is broken down and cholesterol isreleased to fulfil the cells requirements.When the cell has adequatecholesterol to function a negative feedback prevents the cell from makingnew LDL receptors.Unfortunately CHD can also be a genetic disease,thought to be caused by a mutation in the apolipoprotein B (main protein inthe low density lipoprotein group).The mutation causes insufficientproduction of receptors and therefore high levels of cholesterol arereleased incr easing the susceptibility to CHD.With the combination ofhigh levels of LDL and raised levels of homocysteine (an amino acid,building blocks that make up protein) derived from methionine another aminoacid which is found in eggs, milk and meat atherosclerosis occurs (seeappendix 3). Atherosclerosis is caused by a build-up of cholesterol and fatty substanceson the inner wall of the artery, beginning as fatty streaks which graduallydevelop to form lumps known as plaques (see appendix 4). Raisedhomocysteine levels damage the lining of the artery whilst plaques assistthe walls of the artery to thicken and harden therefore the lumen of theartery narrows. This results in myocardial ischemia (poor blood flow tothe heart) and the oxygen needs being suspended (hypoxia). As the heartsrequests for oxygen surpass the amount available the heart omits warningsigns in the form of tightening and pain in the chest, sometimes extendingto the upper extremities, lumber area and abdomen, this is clinicallyreferred to as stable angina. In extreme cases of atherosclerosis theplaques in the misshapen coronary artery affect blood flow resulting in thedevelopment of blood clots (thrombus) When a thrombus occurs (see appendix5), it blocks the artery triggering an attack of unstable angina , if theheart continues to be starved of oxygen for more than a few minutes theheart muscle begins to die resulting in myocardial infarction (heartattack). Myocardial infarction can contribute to total starvation of theheart resulting in congestive heart failure and inventively death. .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .postImageUrl , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:visited , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:active { border:0!important; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:active , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tree Conservation EssaySome heart attacks can be looked upon as warning signs and that a change inlifestyle is required. There are many prescribed medications available toreduce the risks of heart failure, for example; aspirin is used to reducethe stickiness of the platelets therefore reducing the risk of blood clots(thrombus). Diuretics (which target the kidneys to increase excretion ofwater in the urine) these reduce blood pressure and build-up of water intissues (oedema). Lipid lowering drugs (statins) raise the amount of highdensity lipoproteins (good cholesterol) and lower low density lipoproteins(bad cholesterol), these work by inhibiting the enzyme involved in thesy nthesis of cholesterol. The administration of these drugs are designedto be incorporated into a newly modified lifestyle. Practitioners will advise CHD patients to reassess their former standard ofliving and introduce an alternative healthier option.To achieve anoverall healthy eating plan the patient should endeavour to consume fivefruit and vegetable portions daily, use only low fat or fat-free dairyproducts, include six wholegrain foods (found in cereals and bread), eatonly lean meat and remove skin from poultry, try to include two portions offish weekly, especially fatty fish (sardines, pilchards) containing largeamounts of omega 3 oils as it helps to reduce the risk of CHD and improvesthe chance of survival after a heart attack. Limit sugary foods and foodswith no nutritional value (fast food fries), cut down on trans-fats(partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) these consist of pastries, crispsand some margarines. Avoid using sodium (salt), limit alcohol intake toone drink a day or if possible cease drinking alcohol altogether. If a CHD patient follows a sensible diet, controls other risk factors,(smoking and alcohol) partakes in exercise (which helps to lower andcontrol blood pressure, and combined with a healthy diet increases physicalfitness) and takes possible medication prescribed by the doctor (somepatients may not be administrated any medication), there is a strongpossibility the patient will carry on to have an extended healthier life. Although the majority of all patients will need to attend the doctorssurgery for regular health checks (blood cholesterol tests, blood pressurechecks and weight checks) to clarify the body is still responsive to thealternative changes. In some CHD patients modifying risk factors are notenough and surgery is performed to combat chances of heart failure. Surgery of the coronary arteries isreferredtoasPercutaneousTransluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA). Several types of procedures maybe performed ranging from balloon angioplasty (a small balloon insertedinto the blocked artery to widen the artery for blood flow) (see appendix6); to coronary artery bypass (patches of veins and arteries from anotherpart of the body are removed and placed into the heart in an attempt tobypass the blocked arteries) (see appendix 7).All surgical procedureshave the chance of failure especially with the delicate tissues of theheart. The fundamental key to coronary heart disease is prevention.People livein ignorance about disease and only show signs of interest if theunthinkable happens to them or a family member.If the whole populationwas to be forewarned about the risk of CHD or coronary heart failure at anearlier age the consequences could be lessened.Children should beeducated on how diseases can affect the body and also how to avoid them;they should be taught how to look after their bodies, physically throughexercise, eating healthier diets and the avoidance of smoking and drinking.

Sample Compare and Contrast Essay For College Entrance Exam

Sample Compare and Contrast Essay For College Entrance ExamSample Compare and Contrast Essay for College Entrance Exam is designed to offer different types of information that students need to know in order to make an effective college entrance exam. A College Entrance Exam (CEE) is also known as a Generalized Advanced Placement Examination (GAP). They are nationally recognized tests, but they are quite different from the standard college entrance examinations.Students use their own study methods to be able to pass their tests. With the use of professional help you will be able to better prepare for your test and be better prepared for it.This sample Compare and Contrast Essay for College Entrance Exam is written by a professional studying for the GCE. This person has taken this exam a number of times already and has a number of tips to help students prepare for it. In this article you will learn some of the tricks that you will use to help you pass your test.Sample Compare and Contr ast Essay for College Entrance Exam includes a paragraph explaining how the sample compares and contrasts with the standard passage. There are a number of helpful tips in this paragraph. You will first need to understand what the sample has to say and how the test will be made up of these points. Students will generally start by understanding the different questions, the multiple choice questions and the essay portion of the test.When you have a good preparation, it will really help you pass your test. Your test materials will help you study for this test. If you have problems with your concentration, you can always consult with a professional on how to study for this exam. Taking a professional is often recommended because you have seen what the exams are like in your past examinations.Sample Compare and Contrast Essay for College Entrance Exam is written by a professional who has been a part of the test-taking community before. They have not been a student or have only been going to college for a short time. They have passed their exams many times and can be trusted.Sample Compare and Contrast Essay for College Entrance Exam is written by a professional who has helped many students prepare for their exams. The results of these papers show that some students have passed the test while others have failed.

Parity/Non-parity Check Essays - Error Detection And Correction

Parity/Non-parity Check Early transmission codes had a serious problem in that a bit could be lost or gained in transmission because of an electrical or mechanical failure/ If the loss went undetected, the character received on the other end of the lime was incorrect. To Prevent this from happening, a parity check system was developed. Each character is represented by a byte consisting of a combination of intelligence bits (seven bits in ASCII and eight bits in EBCDIC) and an additional bit called a check or parity bit. Even parity codes place a check bit with each byte that contains an uneven number of 1 bits. (Remember that a bit is either 1 or o). Because the check bit is transmitted only with characters composed of an uneven number of 1 bits,all characters transmitted will have n even number of 1 bits. The check bit is transmitted to and from the computer along with character code. If a bit is lost (or added) in transmission, the system will detect its loss. An uneven number of 1 bits received in a code string composed of even bits will signal an error. Odd Parity codes add a check bit to code combinations that have an even number of 1 bits. Thus,all characters transmitted have an odd number of bits. Odd and even parity care similar in nature. They are both designed to signal an error in the even that data are lost or added.

Great Expectations 2 endings essays

Great Expectations 2 endings essays Great Expectations by Charles Dickens was a novel which has two different endings. Dickens wrote an original version for an ending, but changed it by the request of friends. Both endings involve the same characters Pip and Estella meeting after many years had passed in their lives. The first ending is bitter and dark Pip and Estella meet awkwardly and part, never to see each other again. The second ending, on the other hand, is more hopeful and forgiving Pip and Estella meet, and Pip saw no shadow of another parting from her. (Page 451) However, the new ending does not fit it with the book completely. Through the novel, Estella torments Pip, and constantly ends up ruining his life The entire novel was about Pip growing up as a gentleman, which includes his childish lust for Estella. Therefore, in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the original ending ties in with the story more, and is the better choice. The novel Great Expectations was all about Pip growing up as a gentleman, and leaving his childish desires behind. Estella was really a childish desire for him although he did love her later in his life, his desires began at childhood. If order for Pip to fully grow up, he must have left Estella in the past, and concentrated on his own life and future. The second ending, however, does just the opposite it has Pip and Estella meet and become friends, which shows that no matter how hard tries to give this desire up, he is never mature enough to do so. In the original ending, however, lets the two characters part, and Pip reaches an understanding that Estella had only caused him pain in the past. The original ending is able to accomplish one of the morals of the novel what you do to others will eventually come back to you - by having Estella suffer like Pip did. The original ending Pip says ...in her face and in her voice, and in her touch, she gave me the ...

CORPORATE STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CORPORATE STRATEGY - Essay Example British American Tobacco aims at leading the industry as the preferred partner of stakeholders qualitatively and seeks volume leadership among the global tobacco competitors qualitatively. It has been keeping its vision of achieving leadership of the global tobacco industry as a milestone for last few years. It has also been putting efforts to maintaining balanced approach to achieve growth, improved productivity and developing to be a winning organization. The company’s leading international brands include Lucky strike, Dunhill, Kent, State Express555, Rothmans, Benson and Hedges, Winfield and John player Gold leaf. It also produces fine cut tobacco, pipe tobacco and fine cigars. The international tobacco industry produces currently about 5.5 trillion cigarettes a year, of which 17 % market share is hold by British American Tobacco. British American Tobacco believes that the application of a consistent strategy would always be helpful to build a sustainable business. Growth, productivity, responsibility and winning organization are the four elements of the corporate strategy of British American Tobacco. The vision of British American Tobacco is to achieve leadership of the global tobacco industry through its strategies for creating shareholder values based on growth, productivity, responsibility and winning organization. It had been consistent in its strategy and as a result it could measure the effectiveness and results of the strategy. During 2003, the efforts to expand British American Tobacco’s market share was obstructed by major competitor’s higher growing marketing spend and other factors. In order to achieve proposed growth, it had to seek for an imaginative way to challenge the status quo in the market. British American Tobacco brought forward a new range of light menthol products, differentiated by menthol taste rather than the usual tar deliveries and hence it could change the market

Cross Cultural Communication Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cross Cultural Communication Exam - Essay Example harbor. However, as Mitchell unraveled her report, she clarified that such claims were exaggerated. She does not deny the violence and aggression against women existing in DRC, but not to the extent perpetuated by some media and humanitarian organizations who needed to create such negative stereotypes to justify their own presence in the DRC. The stereotype of women as victims and men as victimizers created a myopic vision that screens out more important survival issues. Mitchell contends that: â€Å"‘Peace’ for Congolese women is a straightforward concept encompassing basic services, sustainable living, and equal rights. The most touching definition of ‘peace’ was provided by Liliane as having the stability of â€Å"knowing tomorrow.† The women are aware they are depicted as victims, and find the depiction insulting and without merit.† 2 This concept may be considered a cultural metaphor3 for the women of DRC. Although stereotyped and admittedly ‘victims’, their main priority is survival, and this is what they wanted to express to the world. Despite the challenges of being victims of violence, they are actually strong women who long for equal rights with men and to be able to survive long enough to see a future for themselves and their families. Internally, the women of DRC are aware that the existence of various organizations may have hidden agendas. They express that their own efforts at contributing to the empowerment of women in their society is shunned by the grandstanding of some international organizations. Although the help extended to them by such organizations are very much welcomed and appreciated, the women of DRC also need to be given credit for taking the reins and determining their own futures. Women as well as men are victims of rape in the DRC and some women work with the rebels, thus it is a complicated situation for all parties involved. In view of Mitchell’s report, I would propose to